Visual Basic 2008 Tutorial

Lesson 15: Functions Part IV- Formatting Functions

 

The Format function is a very powerful formatting function which can display the numeric values in various forms. There are two types of Format functions, one of them is the built-in or predefined format while another one can be defined by the users.

(i) The format of the predefined Format function is

Format (n, “style argument”)

where n is a number and the list of style arguments is given in Table 15.1.

Table 15.1 List of style arguments Style argument Explanation Example General Number To display the number without having separators between thousands.   Format(8972.234, “General Number”)=8972.234 Fixed To display the number without having separators between thousands and rounds it up to two decimal places.   Format(8972.2, “Fixed”)=8972.23 Standard To display the number with separators or separators between thousands and rounds it up to two decimal places.   Format(6648972.265, “Standard”)= 6,648,972.27 Currency To display the number with the dollar sign in front, has separators between thousands as well as rounding it up to two decimal places.   Format(6648972.265, “Currency”)= $6,648,972.27 Percent Converts the number to the percentage form and displays a % sign and rounds it up to two decimal places.   Format(0.56324, “Percent”)=56.32 %

Example 15.1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click, Button5.Click, Button4.Click, Button3.Click
Label1.Text = Format(8972.234, "General Number")
Label2.Text = Format(8972.2, "Fixed")
Label3.Text = Format(6648972.265, "Standard")
Label4.Text = Format(6648972.265, "Currency")
Label5.Text = Format(0.56324, "Percent")
End Sub

The Output window is shown below:

 

(ii) The format of the user-defined Format function is

Format (n, “user’s format”)

Although it is known as user-defined format, we still need to follows certain formatting styles. Examples of user-defined formatting style are listed in Table 15.2

 

Table15.2: User-Defined format

Example	Explanation	Output
Format(781234.57,”0”)	Rounds to whole number without separators between thousands.	781235
Format(781234.57,”0.0”)	Rounds to 1 decimal place without separators between thousands.	781234.6
Format(781234.576,”0.00”)	Rounds to 2 decimal places without separators between thousands.	781234.58
Format(781234.576,”#,##0.00”)	Rounds to 2 decimal places with separators between thousands.	781,234.58
Format(781234.576,”$#,##0.00”)	Shows dollar sign and rounds to 2 decimal places with separators between thousands.	$781,234.58
Format(0.576,”0%”)	Converts to percentage form without decimal places.	58%
Format(0.5768,”0.00%”)	Converts to percentage form with 2 decimal places.	57.68%

          Example 15.2

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click, Button5.Click, Button4.Click, Button3.Click
Label1.Text = Format(8972.234, "0.0")
Label2.Text = Format(8972.2345, "0.00")
Label3.Text = Format(6648972.265, "#,##0.00")
Label4.Text = Format(6648972.265, "$#,##0.00")
Label5.Text = Format(0.56324, "0%")
End Sub

The Output window is shown below:

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Visual Basic 2008 Tutorial

Lesson 14: Functions Part III- Math Functions

 

We have learned how to VB2008 can perform arithmetic functions using standard mathematical operators. However, for more complex mathematical calculations, we need to use the built-in math functions in VB2008. There are numerous built-in mathematical functions in Visual Basic which we will introduce them one by one.

14.1 The Abs function

The Abs return the absolute value of a given number.

The syntax is

       Math. Abs (number)

* The Math keyword here indicates that the Abs function belong to the Math class. However, not all mathematical functions belong to the Math class.

14.2 The Exp function

The Exp of a number x is the exponential value of x, i.e.  e^x . For example, Exp(1)=e=2.71828182

The syntax is Math.Exp (number)

Example:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim num1, num2 As Single
num1 = TextBox1.Text
num2 = Math.Exp(num1)
Label1.Text = num2

End Sub

14.3 The Fix Function

The Fix function truncate the decimal part of a positive number and returns the largest integer smaller than the number. However, when the number is negative, it will return smallest  integer larger than the number. For example, Fix(9.2)=9  but Fix(-9.4)=-9

Example:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim num1, num2 As Single
num1 = TextBox1.Text
num2 = Fix(num1)
Label1.Text = num2

End Sub

14.4 The Int Function

The Int is a function that converts a number into an integer by truncating its decimal part and the resulting integer is the largest integer that is smaller than he number. For example

Int(2.4)=2, Int(6.9)=6 , Int(-5.7)=-6, Int(-99.8)=-100

14.5 The Log Function

The Log function is the function that returns the natural logarithm of a number. For example, Log(10)=2.302585

Example:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim num1, num2 As Single
num1 = TextBox1.Text
num2 = Math.Log(num1)
Label1.Text = num2

End Sub

* The logarithm of num1 will be displayed on label1

14.6 The Rnd( ) Function

The Rnd is very useful when we deal with the concept of chance and probability. The Rnd function returns a random value between 0 and 1. Random numbers in their original form are not very useful in programming until we convert them to integers. For example, if we need to obtain a random output of 6 integers ranging from 1 to 6, which makes the program behave like a virtual dice, we need to convert the random numbers to integers using the formula Int(Rnd*6)+1.

Example:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim num as integer

Randomize( )

Num=Int(Rnd()*6)+1

Label1.Text=Num

End Sub

 In this example, Int(Rnd*6) will generate a random integer between 0 and 5 because the function Int truncates the decimal part of the random number and returns an integer. After adding 1, you will get a random number between 1 and 6 every time you click the command button. For example, let say the random number generated is 0.98, after multiplying it by 6, it becomes 5.88, and using the integer function Int(5.88) will convert the number to 5; and after adding 1 you will get 6.

14.7 The Round Function

The Round  function is the function that rounds up a number to a certain number of decimal places. The Format is Round (n, m) which means to round a number n to m decimal places. For example, Math.Round (7.2567, 2) =7.26

Example

 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim num1, num2 As Single
num1 = TextBox1.Text
num2 = Math.Round(num1, 2)
Label1.Text = num2

End Sub

* The Math keyword here indicates that the Round function belong to the Math class. 

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Visual Basic 2008 Tutorial

Lesson 13: Functions Part II- String Functions 

We have learned about the basic concept of function as well as the MsgBox and InputBox functions in Lesson 12. I. In fact, I have already shown you a few string manipulation functions in Lesson 8, they are the Len function, the Left function and the Right Function. In this lesson, we will learn other string manipulation functions.

13.1 The Mid Function

The Mid function is used to retrieve a part of text form a given phrase. The format of the Mid Function is

     Mid(phrase, position,n)

where

• phrase is the string from which a part of text is to be retrieved.
• position is the starting position of the phrase from which the retrieving process begins.
• n is the number of characters to retrieve.

Example 13.1:

 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim myPhrase As String
myPhrase = Microsoft.VisualBasic.InputBox("Enter your phrase")
Label1.Text = Mid(myPhrase, 2, 6)
End Sub

* In this example, when the user clicks the command button, an inputbox will pop up asking the user to input a phrase. After a phrase is entered and the OK button is pressed, the label will show the extracted text starting from position 2 of the phrase and the number of characters extracted is 6. The diagrams are shown below:

 

13.2 The Right Function

The Right function  extracts the right portion of a phrase. The format is

Microsoft.Visualbasic.Right (“Phrase”, n)

Where n is the starting position from the right of the phase where the portion of the phrase is going to be extracted. For example:

 Microsoft.Visualbasic.Right (“Visual Basic”, 4) = asic

 Example 13.2: The following code extracts the right portion any phrase entered by the user.

   Private Sub Button1_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

        Dim myword As String

        myword = TextBox1.Text

        Label1.Text = Microsoft.VisualBasic.Right (myword, 4)

    End Sub

13.3 The Left Function

The Left function  extracts the left portion of a phrase. The format is

Microsoft.Visualbasic.Right (“Phrase”, n)

Where n is the starting position from the left of the phase where the portion of the phrase is going to be extracted. For example:

 Microsoft.Visualbasic.Left(“Visual Basic”, 4) = asic

 Example 13.3: The following code extracts the left portion any phrase entered by the user.

   Private Sub Button1_Click (ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

        Dim myword As String

        myword = TextBox1.Text

        Label1.Text = Microsoft.VisualBasic.Left (myword, 4)

    End Sub

13.4 The Trim Function

The Trim function trims the empty spaces on both side of the phrase. The format is

Trim(“Phrase”)

.For example,     Trim (“    Visual Basic      ”) = Visual basic

Example 13.4

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim myPhrase As String
myPhrase = Microsoft.VisualBasic.InputBox("Enter your phrase")
Label1.Text = Trim(myPhrase)
End Sub

13.5 The Ltrim Function

The Ltrim function trims the empty spaces of the left portion of the phrase. The format is

Ltrim(“Phrase”)

.For example,

 Ltrim (“     Visual Basic”)= Visual basic

 

13.6 The Rtrim Function

The Rtrim function trims the empty spaces of the right portion of the phrase. The format is

Rtrim(“Phrase”)

.For example,

Rtrim (“Visual Basic      ”) = Visual Basic

13.7 The InStr function

The InStr function looks for a phrase that is embedded within the original phrase and returns the starting position of the embedded phrase. The format is

Instr (n, original phase, embedded phrase)

Where n is the position where the Instr function will begin to look for the embedded phrase. For example

Instr(1, “Visual Basic”,” Basic”)=8

*The function returns a numeric value.

You can write a program code as shown below:

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Label1.Text = InStr(1, "Visual Basic", "Basic")
End Sub

 

13.8 The Ucase and the Lcase Functions

The Ucase function converts all the characters of a string to capital letters. On the other hand, the Lcase function converts all the characters of a string to small letters.

The format is

                    Microsoft.VisualBasic.UCase(Phrase)

                   Microsoft.VisualBasic.LCase(Phrase)

　

For example,

Microsoft.VisualBasic.Ucase(“Visual Basic”) =VISUAL BASIC

Microsoft.VisualBasic.Lcase(“Visual Basic”) =visual basic

13.9 The Chr and the Asc functions

The Chr function returns the string that corresponds to an ASCII code while the Asc function converts an ASCII character or symbol to the corresponding ASCII code. ASCII stands for “American Standard Code for Information Interchange”. Altogether there are 255 ASCII codes and as many ASCII characters. Some of the characters may not be displayed as they may represent some actions such as the pressing of a key or produce a beep sound. The format of the Chr function is

Chr(charcode)

and the format of the Asc function is

Asc(Character)

The following are some examples:

Chr(65)=A, Chr(122)=z, Chr(37)=% ,

Asc(“B”)=66, Asc(“&”)=38

sage box. The Style Value  will determine what type of command buttons appear on the message box, please refer Table 10.1 for types of command button displayed. The Title argument will display the title of the message board.  

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Visual Basic 2008 Tutorial

Lesson 12: Functions-Part I 

A function is similar to a normal procedure but the main purpose of the function is to accept a certain input and return a value which is passed on to the main program to finish the execution. There are two types of functions, the built-in functions (or internal functions) and the functions created by the programmers. 

The general format of a function is
              FunctionName (arguments)

 The arguments are values that are passed on to the function.

In this lesson, we are going to learn two very basic but useful internal functions of Visual basic , i.e.  the MsgBox( ) and InputBox ( ) functions. 

12.1 MsgBox ( ) Function

The objective of MsgBox is to produce a pop-up message box and prompt the user to click on a command button before he /she can continues. This  format is as follows:
          yourMsg=MsgBox(Prompt, Style Value, Title)

The first argument, Prompt, will display the message in the message box. The Style Value  will determine what type of command buttons appear on the message box, please refer ton Table 12.1 for types of command button displayed. The Title argument will display the title of the message board.

Table 12.1: Style Values

Style Value	Named Constant	Buttons Displayed
0	vbOkOnly	Ok button
1	vbOkCancel	Ok and Cancel buttons
2	vbAbortRetryIgnore	Abort, Retry and Ignore buttons.
3	vbYesNoCancel	Yes, No and Cancel buttons
4	vbYesNo	Yes and No buttons
5	vbRetryCancel	Retry and Cancel buttons

We can use named constants in place of integers for the second argument to make the programs more readable. In fact, VB6 will automatically shows up a list of named constants  where you can select one of them.
example: yourMsg=MsgBox( "Click OK to Proceed", 1, "Startup Menu")
             and yourMsg=Msg("Click OK to Proceed". vbOkCancel,"Startup Menu")
are the same. 

yourMsg is a variable that holds values that are returned by the MsgBox ( ) function. The values are determined by the type of buttons being clicked by the users. It has to be declared as Integer data type in the procedure or in the general declaration section. Table 12.2 shows the values, the corresponding named constant and buttons.
Table 12.2 : Return Values and Command Buttons

Value	Named Constant	Button Clicked
1	vbOk	Ok button
2	vbCancel	Cancel button
3	vbAbort	Abort button
4	vbRetry	Retry button
5	vbIgnore	Ignore button
6	vbYes	Yes button
7	vbNo	No button

Example 12.1
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim testmsg As Integer
testmsg = MsgBox("Click to test", 1, "Test message")
If testmsg = 1 Then
MessageBox.Show("You have clicked the OK button")
Else
MessageBox.Show("You have clicked the Cancel button")
End If
End Sub
To make the message box looks more sophisticated, you can add an icon besides the message. There are four types of icons available in VB2008 as shown in  Table 12.3 
 

Value	Named Constant	Icon
16	vbCritical
32	vbQuestion
48	vbExclamation
64	vbInformation

Example 12.2
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim testMsg As Integer
testMsg = MsgBox("Click to Test", vbYesNoCancel + vbExclamation, "Test Message")

If testMsg = 6 Then
MessageBox.Show("You have clicked the yes button")
ElseIf testMsg = 7 Then
MessageBox.Show("You have clicked the NO button")
Else
MessageBox.Show("You have clicked the Cancel button")
End If


 
End Sub The first argument, Prompt, will display the messag
12.2 The InputBox( ) Function
An InputBox( ) function will display a message box where the user can enter a value or a message in the form of text. In VB2005, you can use the following format:

myMessage=InputBox(Prompt, Title, default_text, x-position, y-position)

myMessage is a variant data type but typically it is declared as string, which accept the message input by the users. The arguments are explained as follows:

• Prompt       - The message displayed normally as a question asked.
• Title            - The title of the Input Box.
• default-text  - The default text that appears in the input field where users can use it as his intended input or he may change to the message he wish to enter.
• x-position and y-position - the position or tthe coordinates of the input box.

However, the format won't work in VB2008 because InputBox is considered a namespace. So, you need to key in the full reference to the Inputbox namespace, which is
Microsoft.VisualBasic.InputBox(Prompt, Title, default_text, x-position, y-position)
The parameters remain the same.
Example 12.3

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim userMsg As String


userMsg = Microsoft.VisualBasic.InputBox("What is your message?", "Message Entry Form", "Enter your messge here", 500, 700)

If userMsg <> "" Then
MessageBox.Show(userMsg)
Else
MessageBox.Show("No Message")
End If
End Sub

The inputbox will appear as shown in the figure below when you press the command button



sage box. The Style Value  will determine what type of command buttons appear on the message box, please refer Table 10.1 for types of command button displayed. The Title argument will display the title of the message board. 

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Visual Basic 2008 Tutorial

Lesson 11: Looping

Visual Basic 2008 allows a procedure to be repeated as many times as long as the processor and memory could support. This is generally called  looping . Looping is required when we need to process something repetitively until a certain condition is met. For example, we can design a  program that adds a series of numbers until the sum exceeds a certain value, or a program that asks the user to enter data repeatedly until he/she keys in the word 'Finish'. In Visual Basic 2008, we have three types of Loops, they are the For.....Next loop, the Do loop. and the While.....End while loop  

11.1  For....Next Loop

The format is:  

For counter=startNumber to endNumber (Step increment)

    One or more VB statements

Next

Sometimes the user might want to get out from the loop before the whole repetitive process is executed, the command to use is Exit For. To exit a For….Next Loop, you can place the Exit For statement within the loop; and it is normally used together with the If…..Then… statement. For its application, you can refer to example 11.1 d.

Example 11.1 a

Dim counter as Integer

For  counter=1 to 10  

ListBox1.Items.Add (counter)

  Next

* The program will enter number 1 to 10 into the list box.

Example 11.1b

Dim counter , sum As Integer

For counter=1  to 100 step 10  

sum+=counter

ListBox1.Items.Add (sum)

 Next

* The program will calculate the sum of  the numbers as follows:

 sum=0+10+20+30+40+.....

Example 11.1c

 Dim counter, sum As Integer
sum = 1000
For counter = 100 To 5 Step -5
sum - = counter
ListBox1.Items.Add(sum)
Next

*Notice that increment can be negative.

The program will compute the subtraction as follow:

1000-100-95-90-.......

Example 11.1d

Dim n as Integer

For n=1 to 10

If n>6 then

Exit For

End If

Else

ListBox1.Items.Add ( n)

 Next

End If

Next

The process will stop when n is greater than 6.

11.2  Do Loop

The formats are

a)   Do While condition

            Block of one or more VB statements

      Loop

b)   Do
            Block of one or more VB statements
      Loop While condition

c)    Do Until condition
              Block of one or more VB statements
       Loop

d)    Do
             Block of one or more VB statements

       Loop Until condition

* Exiting the Loop

Sometime we need exit to exit a loop prematurely because of a certain condition is fulfilled. The syntax to use is known as Exit Do. Lets examine the following example

Example 11.2(a)

       Do while counter <=1000

             TextBox1.Text=counter

             counter +=1

       Loop

* The above example will keep on adding until counter >1000.

The above example can be rewritten as

        Do

               TextBox1.Text=counter

               counter+=1

       Loop until counter>1000

Example 11.2(b)

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim sum, n As Integer

Do

n += 1

sum += n

ListBox1.Items.Add(n & vbTab & sum)

If n = 100 Then

Exit Do

End If

Loop Sub

In the above  example, we find the summation of 1+2+3+4+……+100.  In the design stage, you need to insert a ListBox into the form for displaying the output, named List1. The program uses the Add method to populate the ListBox. The statement ListBox1.Items.Add(n & vbTab & sum) will display the values of n  and sum and  uses the vbTab function to create a space between the headings n and sum.  

11.3  While ...End While Loop

The structure of a While….End While is very similar to the Do Loop. it takes the following format:

 While condition

        Statements

End While

The above loop means that while the condition is not met, the loop will go on. The loop will end when the condition is met. 

Example 11.3

Dim sum, n  As Integer

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim sum, n As Integer
While n <> 100
n += 1
sum = sum + n
ListBox1.Items.Add(n & vbTab & sum)
End While

End Sub

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